Yesterday we looked at some key markets, some that have recovered nicely following the Brexit news, and others that are still down on either safe-haven demand or speculation of economic drags due to the Brexit. One particular spot that hasn’t fared well in the past week is Japan.
Japan is three years into a bold plan to beat two decades of deflation and restore its economy to prominence. The data shows that their efforts haven’t translated so well just yet. Inflation is still dead, and economic growth — about the same.
Two key tools in the Bank of Japan’s QE program, which is designed to drive inflation and economic activity, is a weaker yen and a higher stock market. Since they telegraphed their intentions of big, bold QE in late 2012, Japanese stocks have risen by as much as 140%. And the yen has declined by as much as 38% against the dollar. But over the past 12 months, about half of those “policy gains” have been given back. And post-Brexit the attrition has only worsened.
Still, after three years and big moves in the yen and stocks, the inflation objective remains a distant target. What does it mean? The Bank of Japan has to do more. A lot more.
We think they can, and will, ultimately destroy the value of the yen — mass devaluation.
Unlike the U.S., which is constrained by “flight to safety” global capital flows and a world reserve currency, Japan has the ingredients to make QE work, to promote demand, and to promote growth. Japan has the largest government debt problem in the world. They have an undervalued currency. They have a stagnating economy with big demographic challenges. They have are in a deflationary vortex.
They have the perfect attributes for a mass scale currency printing campaign. Not only can it work for their domestic economies, but it serves as the liquidity engine and stability preserver for the global economy.
In normal times, the rest of the world wouldn’t stand for a country outright devaluing their way to prosperity. But in a world where every country is in economic malaise, everyone can benefit – everyone needs it to work. It can be the solution for returning the global economy to sustainable growth. We wouldn’t be surprised to see USDJPY return to the levels of the mid-80s (versus the dollar)in the not too distant future. That would be 250+. Currently, 103 yen buys a dollar.
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Yesterday we talked about the ECB’s projection on how the Brexit will impact on euro area GDP. And we looked at charts of Spanish and Italian sovereign debt. Both suggested that the market reaction, to the downside risk from Brexit, might be over-exaggerated.
Some markets have already fully recovered the Brexit-induced declines. But some key safe-haven assets continue to show healthy capital flows.
Let’s look at some charts.
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
The chart above is a look at UK stocks. These are blue chip companies listed on the London Stock Exchange. You can see the 9% has been completely erased in just three trading days.
What about commodities? This is Goldman’s commodity index. It’s completed recovered declines, in large part to the reversal in oil and the continued surge in natural gas. Remember we talked about natural gas earlier in the month as it looks like it’s on a path to $4. It nearly hit $3 today.
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
So we have some traditional “risk-on” assets sharply recovering losses.
But, the “risk-off” trade continues to hold in the traditional safe-haven assets. Bonds are being bought aggressively. You can see the U.S. 10-year yield is nearing levels of the peak of the European Debt Crisis, when Spain and Italy were on the precipice of blow-up.
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
Interestingly, the 30-year yield is sliding too. This flattens the yield curve, which suggests bets on recession. But this extreme level is historically has been a bottom throughout the crisis period (2008-present).
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
The dollar continues to hold post-Brexit gains — another sign of safe-haven flows.
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
And next, the safe-haven flows continue to hold up in gold. But it’s not the runaway market gold bugs would hope for in a time of global stress.
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
One could argue that the safe haven flows could be coming from core Europe, as Germany is most at risk in the Brexit for the ultimate bad outcome scenario (as we discussed yesterday, where the Brexit could create a spill over into European Monetary Union countries looking for the exit door). But as we reviewed yesterday, the sovereign debt markets in the vulnerable spots in Europe (Italy and Spain) aren’t giving that “bad outcome” signal.
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
What about Japan? Japanese stocks have bounced sharply, but were among the worst hit given the sharp rise in the yen (a traditional safe-haven).
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
And finally, U.S. stocks have come back aggressively, but haven’t fully recovered the decline.
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
What do we make of it? If we consider that the biggest risk associated with Brexit is a destruction of global confidence, rising/recovering stocks go a long way toward defending against that risk. Since the central banks are in the business of defending stability and confidence in this environment, and they are clearly on patrol, they may have a little something to do with stock market recoveries (if not directly, than indirectly).
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We’ve talked about the Brexit effect the past couple of days. And we’ll continue on that theme today, as people continue to digest the results and come to grips with potential outcomes.
The knee-jerk reaction in markets has suggested that there is considerable fear of another global financial crisis. But as we’ve said, things today are very different than they were in 2008. The failure of Lehman triggered a global credit freeze. That brought global banks to their knees and, therefore, even massive Fortune 500 companies couldn’t access capital needed to operate.
Again, this time is different (typically dangerous words to say, but true). The financial system remains well functioning. Most importantly, central banks are pro-actively maintaining stability and confidence by offering liquidity to banks and have made it well known that they stand ready to act where ever else needed (i.e. intervention).
So now we’re seeing some projections of the economic implications of the Brexit coming in. The ECB thinks it will shave “as much as” ½ percentage point in GDP growth in Europe.
Here’s a look at euro area GDP…
Source: Tradingeconomics.com
You can see the damage to the economy in the global financial crisis. While Europe is still emerging from stagnation, lopping off ½ percentage point is far from a “Lehman moment.” Plus, if the euro weakens, as it should, on the outlook, that economic hit will be softened dramatically. When we think about the broad Brexit implications, Europe is probably the first place everyone should be looking, and the ECB’s projection doesn’t look so bad at all. With that, the market volatility we’re seeing seems to be over-exaggerating the Brexit effect.
Still, the biggest risk associated with the Brexit is that it becomes contagious. As we said on Friday, the potential Grexit (of last year) and the Brexit are most different for one simple reason. The British vote doesn’t involve a country leaving the common currency — the euro.
The British, of course, have their own currency, and among all of the EU countries, the British have probably retained the most sovereignty. It’s a fracturing of the euro, the second most widely held currency in the world, that would trigger a global financial and economic crisis. That’s the big danger. If other EU countries that are also part of the common currency (the monetary union – the EMU) took the lead of Britain, then it gets very ugly.
Perhaps the first place to look for that potential spillover, is in the sovereign debt markets of Spain and Italy — the two big EMU constituents that were close to default four years ago. When those countries were on the brink of collapse in 2012, the 10-year government bond yields were trading north of 7% (unsustainable levels).
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
Source: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
Today, Spanish and Italian 10-year debt is yielding just 1.3%. In a post-Brexit world, where the real risk is contagion, both of these important market barometers are indicating no contagion danger.
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Over the past two trading days, we’re seeing the “risk-off” flow of global capital that we saw through the early stages of the global financial crisis.
For a long time, Wall Street sold us on the idea of sector and geographic diversification for stocks. That abruptly ended in 2008-2009. It was clear that in a global crisis, the correlations of sectors, geographies and many asset classes went to 1 (i.e. almost everything went down–a few things went up).
Our table below gives some perspective on how the swings in global risk appetite have affected financial markets since the onset of the financial crisis in 2008.
In a sense, the risk trade is an easy one to understand. When the world looks like a scary place, people pull back and look for protection. They pull money out of virtually everything, including banks, and plow money into the U.S. dollar, U.S. Treasurys and gold (the safest parking place for money in the world, on a relative basis).
At the depths of the global financial and economic crisis, there was a clear shift in investor focus, away from “return ON capital” toward one of “return OF capital.” Then, as sentiment improved about the outlook, people started taking on more risk, and that capital flow reversed. But with each economic threat that has bubbled up since, we’ve seen this risk-off dynamic quickly emerge again.
Two trading days following the Brexit vote, the market behavior is clearly back in the risk-off phase. The question is: Are we back into the risk-on/risk-off seesaw in markets that we dealt with for several years coming out of the worst part of the crisis?
As we said, there are huge differences between now and 2008. When Lehman failed, global credit froze. Today financial conditions globally have tightened a bit, but nothing remotely near the post-Lehman fallout. Most importantly, as we’ve said, we had no idea how policy makers might respond and how far they might go. Now we know, they will “do whatever it takes.”
When was the last time we had a huge sentiment shock for global financial markets and for the global economy? It was only a year ago, in Greece. The Greek people voted NO against more austerity and more loss of sovereignty to their European neighbors (namely Germany). That vote too, shocked the world. But all of the draconian outcomes for Greece, which were being threatened, with such a vote, didn’t transpire. Greece and Europe compromised.
Bottom line (and something to keep in mind): A bad outcome for anyone, at this stage in the global economic recovery, is a bad outcome for everyone.
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The world was stirring today over the UK decision to leave the European Union. Here are a few things to keep in mind. As we discussed earlier in the week, the repercussions of the Brexit are very different than those that were feared over the potential “Grexit.” Greece was threatening to leave the euro. It would have had major and immediate financial complications, which could have quickly paralyzed the financial system.
The Brexit is more political than economic (not financial). And any retrenchment in the banking system because of uncertainty can be immediately quelled by central bank intervention. Not only were the central banks out in front of the potential exit outcome, promising to provide liquidity to the banking system, but they were also in last night stabilizing currencies, and likely bond yields as well.
As we said, there are also huge differences between now and 2008. When Lehman failed and global credit froze, we had no idea how policy makers might respond and how far they might go. Now we know, they will “do whatever it takes.”
The market volatility surrounding the Brexit may actually be a positive for the global economy. Seven years into the global economic recovery, global central banks have thrown the kitchen sink at the crisis, and they’ve proven to be able to stabilize the financial system and the global economy, and restore confidence. And that has all indirectly created an economic recovery, albeit a slow and sluggish one. But they haven’t been able to directly stimulate meaningful economic growth (the kind you typically see coming out of recession) because of the nature of the crisis.
Fiscal stimulus has been the missing piece of the puzzle.
Governments have been reluctant to spend, given the scars of the debt crisis. This may give policy makers an excuse to green light fiscal stimulus. After all, growth (or the lack thereof) is the primary driver of the public discontent – not just in the UK, but globally. Growth has a way of solving a lot of problems.
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As we said yesterday, we’ve seen a slew of threatening events come and go over the course of the past seven years, and with each passing of those events, the heightened scrutiny of the economy comes and recession predictions. Each has been wrong. The Brexit vote is just the latest.
With the UK referendum results looming (as of this writing), today we want to revisit some of our bigger picture perspective on the U.S. economy. The data just doesn’t support the gloom and doom scenarios.
The Fed has manufactured a recovery by promoting stability. And they’ve relied on two key asset prices to do it: stocks and housing. Today we want to look at a few charts that show how important the stock and housing market recoveries have been.
While QE and the Fed’s ultra easy policy stance couldn’t directly create demand in a world of deleveraging, it did (and has) indirectly created demand by promoting stability, which restored confidence. Without the confidence that the world will be stable, people don’t spend, borrow, lend or hire, and the economy goes into a deflationary vortex.
But by promising that they stand ready to act against any futures shocks to the economy (and financial markets), investors feel comfortable investing again (stocks go higher). When stocks go higher and the environment proves stable, employers feel more confident to hire. This all fuels demand and recovery. And, of course, the Fed has pinned down mortgage rates at record lows, which promotes a housing recovery, and gives underwater homeowners (at one point, more than 25 million of them) a since that paper losses will at some point be overcome, and that gives them the confidence to spend money again, rather sit on it.
Along the path of the economic recovery, the Fed (and other key central banks) has been very sensitive to declines in stocks. Why? Because declining stocks has the ability to undo what they’ve done. And it confidence breaks again, it will be far harder to restore it.
The first chart here is the S&P 500. Stocks bottomed in March of 2009, when the Fed announced a $1 trillion QE program.
Sources: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
Stocks surpassed the pre-crisis highs in 2013 after six years in the hole. But even after the dramatic rise you can see in the chart the damage from the crisis is far from restored. If we applied the long term annual rate of growth of the S&P 500 (8%) to the pre-crisis highs of 1,576, the S&P 500 should be closer to 3,150.
How does housing look? Of course, bursting of the housing bubble was the pin that pricked the global credit bubble. Housing prices in the U.S. have been in recovery mode since 2012. Still, housing has a ways to go. This is a very important component for the Fed, for sustainable recovery.
Sources: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
Housing prices have bounced 37% off of the lows (for 20 major cities in the index) – but remains about 10% off of the pre-crisis highs.
How has the recovery in stocks and housing reflected in the broader economy?
As stocks surpassed pre-crisis highs in 2013, so did U.S. per capita GDP.
Sources: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
While debt continues to be a big structural problem for the U.S and the rest of the world, growth goes a long way toward fixing that problem.
And growth, low interest rates, higher stocks and higher housing prices goes a long way toward restoring household net worth. As you can see in the chart below, we have well recovered and surpassed pre-crisis levels in household net worth…
Sources: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
What is the key long-term driver of economic growth overtime? Credit creation. In the next chart, you can see the sharp recovery in consumer credit since the depths of the economic crisis (in orange). This excludes mortgages. And you can see how closely GDP (economic output) tracks credit growth (the purple line).
Sources: Reuters, Billionaire’s Portfolio
What about deleveraging? It took 10 years to build the global credit bubble that erupted in 2007. Based on historical credit bubbles, it typically takes about as long to de-lever. So 10-years of deleveraging would put us at year 2017.
You can see in the chart below, the average annual growth rate of consumer credit over the past 55 years is 7.9%. Over the past five years, consumer credit growth has been solid, just under the long term average. Meanwhile, FICO scores in the U.S. have reached an all-time high.
Sources: Reuters, Fed
With any volatility in stocks, there comes increased scrutiny on the economy and people like to wave the red flag anywhere they find soft economic data. But consumption makes up more than 2/3 of the U.S. economy. And you can see from the charts above, the consumer is in a solid position. Still, stocks and housing remain key drivers of the recovery. The Fed is well aware of that. With that, don’t expect the Fed, in the current economic environment, to do anything to alter the health of the housing and stock markets.
Have a great night.
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Tomorrow is the UK vote, where UK citizens will vote on whether to ‘stay’ or to ‘leave’ the European Union. In this post-Lehman (failure) era, we’ve had no shortage of fear and doubt. Remember the Fiscal Cliff, Sequestration, Cyprus, several chapters of the drama in Greece, Italy and Spain were threatening default, China’s slowdown – the list could go on.
Along the way, the message in the media has always had little substance, but one very common word to promote and validate fear: the word, “uncertainty.”
But throughout this entire post-Lehman era, the world has been a very uncertain place. Whether times have been relatively good or not so good, given the state of the world seven years ago, and given the unprecedented policies it has taken to get us here, uncertainty is the new normal. But what is certain, following the near apocalypse of the global economy, is how policy makers will respond. We know, without a question, they will do ‘whatever it takes’ — their own words. And they’ve proven that their actions can avert disasters and promote confidence and recovery.
With all of this in mind, let’s dig in a little bit and talk about the UK vote.
First, to be clear, there are a lot of comparisons made to the Greek vote last year (the “Grexit”). The UK vote (the “Brexit”) is very different.
The notion of Grexit threatened the existence of the second most widely held currency in the world, the euro. That was a much, much bigger deal. The UK, of course, is part of the European Union, but not part of the currency union. They did not adopt the euro. They have their own currency and their own monetary policy. The UK vote is about trade, immigration, ability to work and live in other EU countries — perhaps mostly about control and politics.
The polls have been broadly building the story for an exit, though they are also broadly deemed unreliable. Meanwhile the bookmakers have had the chances of an exit, along much of the way, as slim (at about 70/30 favoring the ‘stay’ camp). Still, at the peak of the frenzy last week, that number had narrowed to 56/44 favoring ‘stay.’ But when the pendulum of sentiment swung, so did the bookmakers odds of a ‘leave’ vote winning. They are putting the chances of an exit at just 25% as we head into tomorrow’s vote.
As we said, we’ve seen a number of events over the course of the past several years that have introduced fear and doubt into the minds of investors (and especially the media). Something to keep in mind: Any and all of the dips in markets associated with those flare-ups have proven to be extremely valuable buying opportunities. As we noted yesterday, some of the best spots to buy the dip this time around will likely be German and Japanese stocks.
Have a great night.
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On Friday we looked at four key market charts that suggested the worst of the Brexit storm may be behind us.
As of Friday afternoon, the bookmakers had the odds of the UK staying in the Eurozone at 64%, versus 36% leaving. And as we looked across the prices of gold, oil and stocks, all were suggesting, at least technically, that the peak of fear, regarding a Brexit, had passed.
Gold was rising sharply early last week. Oil began to slide. These are two very important barometers of global risk appetite, and those moves were clearly demonstrating fear and uncertainty in markets.
But on Thursday, gold put in a key reversal signal. So did oil, on Friday. Those reversals continued today. Additionally, a very key bond market in Germany (the German 10 year bund yield), which traded into negative yield territory at one point last week, has been clawing back into positive territory since Friday (trading above 5 basis points today – positive 5 basis points).
Why? Because of this chart…
Above is an update of the bookmaker odds on a Brexit. The chances of a leave have now dropped from 44% to 25%, since Thursday.
That’s why global markets are aggressively taking back the hedging and selling from last week.
The UK vote is this Thursday. We’ve said months ago, that despite the speculation of a UK exit, it was not going to happen, given where the oddsmakers were pricing the risk (at about 70/30 in favor of staying for much of the way), and given the scale of the “fear of the unknown” in the voter’s eyes. Adding to that, we expected that the warnings from big public figures would come in hot and heavy as the date approached. Type in the words “Brexit” and “warning” into Google and you get almost 7 million results.
Already, everyone has weighed in with draconian warnings in an attempt to influence the decision: from the UK Prime Minister, the head of the Bank of England, the head of the IMF, to the ECB, to the Fed and the U.S. President. Now UK employers have been latest, directly writing their employees to warn of the business damage from a ‘leave’ vote.
If the Brexit risk continues to abate, and the referendum comes and goes on Thursday, with a ‘stay’ vote, that should clear the way for broad global stock market rallies and a sharp bounce back in yields, as the focus will quickly turn to a July Fed rate hike.
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After a shaky few days for markets, we head into the weekend with some relative calm today. Next week the UK vote on leaving or staying in the European Union will dominate the market focus.
The pressure in markets had been building in recent days on the pick-up in momentum for the Brexit vote in the UK. A log on the fire for that pressure was the inaction from the four central banks that met this week (Fed, BOJ, SNB and BOE). Yields in German 10-years slid below zero. U.S. yields (10 years) hit four year lows. Stocks were sliding, globally. The upward momentum for gold started to kick in. And then we had the tragic murder of a member of British Parliament (widely considered to be politically driven, as she was a ‘stay’ advocate).
So leveraged positions across markets that were leaning in the direction of the momentum unwound, to an extent, on the news.
Today we want to step back and take a look at some key charts as we head into next week.
First, the odds of a Brexit from the bookmakers…
As we’ve said, along the way, despite the coin flip projections coming out of the many polls in the UK, this estimation has been clearly favoring the ‘stay’ camp by about 70/30. Though in recent days the probability of an exit had risen to 44%. Following the tragic news yesterday, that number is now back to 36%.
Next is a chart of gold. This is the safe haven trade, though it hasn’t much allure in quite some time. Still, gold found some legs in the past 10 days.
But as you can see in the chart above, after a $35 higher yesterday, it reversed sharply to close on the lows. In the process it put in a very nice technical reversal pattern (an outside day – where the day’s range engulfs the prior day’s range, caused by low conviction ‘longs’ reversing course near the highs and hitting the exit doors, exacerbating the slide into the close). That price action would argue for lower gold, and in general, the end of this recent flurry of doubt surrounding the UK vote (and uptick in broad market volatility).
As we know, the sustainability of the crude oil recovery is a huge factor in global financial market stability. After trading above $50, it had six consecutive days of lower lows, but it bounced back aggressively today, also posting a key reversal signal (bullish outside day – again, good for the global stability outlook).
Finally, a look at the chart of the S&P 500 …
Despite all of the negative messaging across the media and uncertainty from the investment community, as we head into the weekend stocks sit just 3% off of the all-time highs.
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The Fed held rates steady today. As we’ve talked about, this was a decision they laid the ground work for over the past two weeks. We want to talk about a few takeaways from the Fed event, and then continue our discussion from yesterday on the Bank of Japan decision tonight (where the big news may come).
First, the Fed did indeed consider the global stability risk that comes with the decision in the UK on whether or not to leave the European Union. The polls in recent weeks have continued to show that it could go either way. Meanwhile, the bookmakers have had this vote clearly in favor of “staying” in the European Union all along — as much as 70/30 ‘stay’ much of the way. But those odds have been narrowing in the past week.
Still, as we discussed yesterday, holding pat on rates today was a “no risk” decision, especially because they had an event (the weak jobs data) and the platform (through a prepared speech by Yellen just days after the weak jobs data) to manage away expectations for a hike.
With that, stocks remained steady on the decision. And markets in general remained tame.
So now the Fed is in position to see the outcome in the UK. There was some two way talk about the jobs and inflation data, but it looks like the Fed is most concerned with what’s going on in the global economy. That’s clear in their reaction to the oil price bust, when they responded back in March by taking two rate hike projections off the table. And it’s clear in their reaction now to the Brexit risk.
But their new projections on the future path of interest rates have been ratcheted down in the coming years, and in the long run. For perspective, a year ago the Fed thought the benchmark rate would be 2.75%. Now they think it will be 1.5. Why? What’s been acknowledged more and more in recent meetings is the impact of the weakness and threats in global economies on the U.S. economic outlook. The U.S. economy has been relied upon to drive global economic recovery, but it’s being dragged down now by the weight of global economic weakness.
This all puts pressure on Europe and Japan to follow through on their promise to do “whatever it takes” to restore their economies.
As we’ve said, the most important spots in the world, right now, are Japan and Europe. The Fed only began its campaign of removing its emergency level policies because Europe and Japan took the QE baton handoff from the Fed – picking up where the Fed left off. And unlike the U.S., which is constrained by “flight to safety” global capital flows and a world reserve currency, they have the ingredients (primarily Japan) to make QE work, to promote demand, to promote growth. Japan has the largest government debt problem in the world. They have an undervalued currency. They have a stagnating economy with big demographic challenges. They have are in a deflationary vortex.
They have the perfect attributes for a mass scale currency printing campaign. Not only can it work for their domestic economies, but it serves as the liquidity engine and stability preserver for the global economy.
In normal times, the rest of the world wouldn’t stand for a country outright devaluing their way to prosperity. But in a world where every country is in economic malaise, everyone can benefit – everyone needs it to work. It can be the solution for returning the global economy to sustainable growth.
With that, and given the position of the yen and Japanese stocks (see our chart yesterday), along with the underperforming economy in Japan, even after three years of QE, now is the time to throw the kitchen sink at it (i.e. they should act tonight, and in a ‘shock and awe’ fashion).
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