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September 20, 2022

We have four major central bank decisions over the next 48 hours.
 
The Fed will continue to move the anchor on global interest rates. 
 
The Fed is expected to raise rates by 75 basis points.  The Swiss National Bank is expected to follow with 75 basis points Thursday morning.  That would end seven years of negative interest rates in Switzerland. 
 
And the Bank of England is expected to hike 50 bps on Thursday morning.
 
With that, let's revisit the snapshot of major global central bank rates (adjusted for the expected hikes coming this week) vs. current inflation.
 

Almost every major financial publication in recent weeks has invoked the Paul Volcker analogue.
 
As we've discussed here many times, Volcker beat inflation in the early 80s by taking short term rates ABOVE the rate of inflation.  
 
As you can see in the table above, even after a series of "aggressive" hikes, we are not even close.
 
With that, as we've also discussed many times, global central banks in this post Great Financial Crisis and Post-Pandemic era don't have the firepower to take down inflation with high interest rates.
 
Among the reasons: Government debt levels (globally) are incompatible with high interest rates.
 

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September 19, 2022

We've talked a lot about the buildup to this week's Fed decision. 
 
This will be the first Fed meeting since July 27th, where they raised rates by 75 basis points AND told us that they had reached the "neutral level" for rates (no longer accommodative, but also not restrictive). 
 
Jay Powell went further, in his July press conference, to say that they didn't want to telegraph mechanical tightening (my words, his words: they were no longer providing "guidance"). 
 
He said from that point (in July) they would go meeting by meeting, based on the data.
 
This was dovish.  Stocks went up.   
 
Let's talk about what has happened since the Fed's July 27th meeting…  
 
Just hours after the July Fed meeting, headlines started hitting the wires about another massive spending bill (a deal between Manchin and Schumer).  This was the Build Back Better agenda, with another name.  
 
A day later, the House approved the Chips Act (more spending). 
 
A month later, Biden followed with school loan forgiveness (more spending).
 
This was a fiscal bazooka, just after the Fed intimated that they may be done (or near done) raising rates.
 
More fiscal spending plus less restrictive monetary policy is a formula for a growth boom, but also an inflation boom (more fuel on the fire).
 
With that, the Fed spent the next three weeks in damage control, trying to dial down the expectations of a hotter economy and hotter prices. 
 
As we've discussed, the Fed is far more concerned about inflation expectations, than they are about inflation.  If they lose control of expectations, people start pulling forward purchases, in anticipation of higher prices, creating a self-fulfilling upward spiral in prices
 
So, the Fed went on a media blitz.  Fed officials were all over the wires, day-in and day-out, telling us just how relentless they will be in raising interest rates, "keeping at it" until the war on inflation is won, "unconditionally" focused on stabilizing prices.
 
It has worked. The market has bought the message the Fed is selling.
 
The damage (i.e. consumer and business perception of a more inflationary environment coming down the pike) has been controlled.  Stocks lost 4% in August.  The 10-year yield has gone from 2.5% to 3.5% since early August.
 
The question is:  Will the Fed deliver with actions that match the words? 
 
They haven't to this point.  And they have plenty of reasons, by sticking to the data, to under-deliver on Wednesday. 
 
Gas prices are a buck cheaper than late July.  The monthly change for both July and August CPI was roughly flat (0% and 0.1%, respectively).  And that aligns with the broad declines in the pace of price increases across the various manufacturing reports (which has been trending sharply lower for months).
 
Remember, the Fed is tasked with rate-of-change, not level.  The level of prices is here to stay.  The rate-of-change in prices has already subsided.  

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September 16, 2022

Yesterday we discussed the very well placed Fedex warning. 
 
Not only was it unnecessary to pre-announce seven days before a schedule earnings call, but moreover, the Fedex CEO thought he needed to deliver a warning on the global economy.
 
Again, this act looks like it may have created cover for the Fed to under-deliver next week.  If that’s the case, we probably have more tumult for markets going into Wednesday’s Fed decision.  
 
Then, anything less than 75 basis points combined with a zealously hawkish tone would be a positive surprise for markets.
 
That’s a big event ahead. Let’s talk about the bigger event ahead.  The November elections.  
 
Below is a look at the model projections from FiveThirtyEight.  
 

This shows a 71% chance of a Republican led House after November.  And a 71% chance of a Democrat led Senate.  
 
This is in-line with the averages from the national polling (which puts the house at 67% chance of a Republican led House, and a 65% chance of a Democrat led Senate).
 
What do the betting markets look like?  The oddsmakers like about a 47% chance of a split Congress, and 33% chance of a Republican sweep.  Three months ago, the betting markets were pricing in a 75% chance of a Republican sweep.
 
A split Congress would introduce gridlock into what has been run-amok/destructive policy making in DC.  That would be good for markets. 

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September 15, 2022

We talked about the government bond markets yesterday.  
 
We're just four trading days from the Fed meeting next week, and the U.S. 10-year is trading near the June high of 3.50%.  
 
In Europe, the Italian 10-year bond yield (maybe the most vulnerable bond market in Europe) is trading back above 4%.  That's near the levels, back in June, that prompted an emergency ECB meeting and a policy response.
 
And in Japan, the Japanese government bond yield is trading back at the June highs, at the top of their accepted yield curve control band (of -0.25% to 0.25%).  This requires the Bank of Japan to buy JGBs in unlimited amounts to maintain the ceiling on yields.  
 
This, as the market, just in the past week, has begun pricing in the probability of a (very aggressive) 100 basis point hike by the Fed next week.
 
That would be a move that could quickly manifest in European government bond markets, and threaten solvency of euro zone countries.  
 
And such a bold move on rates by the Fed could become problematic for the U.S. fiscal situation.  Remember, every 100 basis points by the Fed adds another $285 billion annually to an already bloated U.S. deficit.
 
Of course, the anticipation of what looks like a dangerous consideration by the Fed, is because the Fed has made a lot of efforts over the past month to create that anticipation. 
 
This is the "tough talk" strategy we've discussed all along the way of this rate hiking path. 
 
The goal of this strategy is to manipulate consumer and business behaviors (to curtail exuberance in spending, investing and hiring), without having to ramp rates to the levels of inflation.  It's the opposite of the strategy the Fed explicitly used throughout the post-global financial crisis period (in that case, they were trying to promote confidence to spend, invest and hire).  
 
So the bark has been worse than the bite on rate hikes, thus far. 
 
But as we discussed above, we're getting to a place, for rates, where an aggressive move from here can become dangerous for the economy. 
 
With that in mind, we had some interesting news after the close of markets today. 
 
Fedex, the biggest transportation and logistics company in the world, decided to pre-announce earnings.  They weren't good.  In fact, the CEO went on set, on CNBC, to tell us that China's factories haven't seen demand bounce back since reopening, and it's because of a weak U.S. consumer.  And he went on to say he thinks we will see a worldwide recession. 
 
Now, this comes four days before the Fed's decision on rates. 
 
When is Fedex scheduled to formally announce earnings?  The day AFTER the Fed decision.
 
That's interesting.
 
Has Fedex just given the Fed the cover it needs to under-deliver on rate hike expectations?  
 
This reminds me of another (suspicious) pre-announcement just a couple of months ago. 
 
On July 25th, three weeks before their scheduled Q2 earnings release, Walmart decided to "provide a business update," and "revise their outlook." They warned about inflation and lower margins, and a steep EPS decline.
 
That was two days before the Fed meeting (which is the most recent Fed meeting).
 
And as you recall, while the Fed followed through with the expected 75 basis point hike, they surprised markets with a couple of intentional statements that telegraphed the near end (if not the end) of the tightening cycle (Jay Powell said they had reached the neutral level on rates, and said that they would no longer provide guidance, that decisions would be data-dependent from that point).
 
Stocks rallied 10% in fourteen days. 
 
By the way, Walmart positively surprised on earnings three weeks after making that gloomy profit warning. 

   
 

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September 14, 2022

Stocks followed a rout yesterday, with some relative calm today. 
 
That came, in part, because of some relative calming in the treasury market.    
 
Let's talk about why …
 
First, let's take a look at the U.S. 10-year government bond yield.

Following yesterday's inflation report, the U.S. 10-year yields traded just two basis points shy of the June high of 3.5%. 
 
Back in June, this 3.5% level was a big deal, for this reason:  It put upward pressure on global interest rates. 
 
This includes the fiscally fragile countries in the euro zone.  Among the two most vulnerable countries in Europe to rising interest rates, are Italy and Spain.  As we've discussed here in my daily notes, these were the two sore spots back in 2012 that nearly triggered a contagion of sovereign debt defaults and an implosion of the euro (the second most widely held currency in the world). 
 
The fiscal position for both countries is worse now, not better. 
 
And at a 3.5% 10-year yield in the U.S, back in June, Italian yields ran up to 4.28%.  Spanish yields ran up to 3.21%.  That was the danger zone. 
 
With that in mind, here's what Italian yields look like today …
Italian bond yields traded up to 4.09% today.  As you can see in the chart, when yields were in this territory back in June, the ECB responded with an emergency meeting.  In that meeting, they crafted a game plan to defend against the rise of these vulnerable euro zone sovereign debt yields.  It was a new QE plan, by a different name (the "Transmission Protection Instrument").
 
So, we should expect these levels (or near here) to force the ECB back into the game of bond buying.
 
This level in the U.S. 10-year yield has also put upward pressure on Japanese bond yields. 
 
Why does that matter?  Because the Bank of Japan is defending a cap on their yields, through their "yield curve control" program.  
 
As you can see in the chart below, similar to June, Japanese yields are again bumping into the top side of their acceptable range (0% yield, with 25 basis points on either side). 
What does the Bank of Japan do when JGB yields are hitting their yield curve control ceiling (of 25 basis points)? 
 
They print yen, and buy unlimited amounts of JGBs, to push bond prices higher, yields lower.
 
So, as we discussed yesterday, despite the perceived "normalization of monetary policy" being led by the Fed, we still have two (very powerful) central banks in the position to defend against shocks, and pump liquidity into the global economy.
 
This building scenario supports the point we've discussed all along:  QE is like Hotel California.  "You can check out, but you can never leave."  

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September 13, 2022

The August inflation numbers came in a little higher this morning. 
 
But did a 0.1% monthly increase in prices justify a 4% decline in stocks on the day?  That's 1.1% annualized inflation. 
 
Maybe it was the uptick in the inflation number after extracting the effects of food and energy prices (i.e. core prices)? 
 
But that number disrupted a trend of declining core prices since March. And if we look at a couple of the "hot" components of core CPI, new car prices and rents (which have put upward pressure on the "shelter" component), there are reasons to believe the slowdown in those prices are coming, just lagging (given falling used car and home prices).  
 
Bottom line, this is a big deal for markets, to the extent that market positioning was leaning heavily in the direction of expecting a positive surprise in this August inflation report.  We got a slightly negative surprise.  Positions unwound.
 
With that, let's take a look at the chart on stocks …

As you can see, with the decline today, stocks gave back nearly all of the gains from last Wednesday.  The downtrend on the year remains intact.  So does the low from June.  
 
Let's talk about that low. 
 
The June bottom in stocks was marked by the European Central Bank's flip flop on bond buying (i.e. quantitative easing, QE).  Just weeks after the ECB announced they would end QE, they had to restart QE — to backstop the sovereign bond markets of the fiscally fragile eurozone countries (QE by a new name, the "Transmission Protection Instrument"). 
 
Two days later, the Bank of Japan doubled down on their bond buying program (holding the line on their ultra-easy policy and unlimited QE via their yield curve control strategy).
 
So the Fed was raising rates and beginning quantitative tightening (extracting liquidity) back in June, which created shock waves in global markets.  But the shock waves were quickly absorbed as two major central banks dug in — positioning to defend global markets from shocks (i.e. QE). That was the bottom for stocks.  And that still holds. 
 
If there's one thing we've learned from the events of the past decade, it's that global central banks will do, in coordination, "whatever it takes" to preserve stability.  
 
 

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September 12, 2022

We get the big August inflation report tomorrow morning.  As we discussed last week, this report should show an improving inflation situation. 
 
Much of this is due to the blow to consumer confidence that has been caused by: 1) high inflation, and 2) a Fed that has responded to high inflation by explicitly vowing to destroy jobs.
 
The former follows the old adage that high prices are the best cure for high prices.  The latter, I would argue, is the real monetary policy tool being deployed by the Fed: Threats. 
 
Both have been working.  The monthly change in the headline CPI may decline in tomorrow’s report, following no monthly change in prices from July. 

Let’s look at what we know from some key prices in the economy from August.
 
As we’ve discussed, gas prices declined 12% in August. 
 
Used car prices declined again in August (peaking earlier this year).  And new car prices may have finally peaked in August.
 
Food prices, globally peaked in February, and with a decline in August have declined six consecutive months (chart below). 
What about house prices?  Realtor.com says the median home price declined 3% in August.
 
Now, there's a difference between deceleration in prices, and a decline in prices.
 
There's a difference in controlling inflation, and inducing deflation. 
 
The Fed's job is price stability.  Does price stability mean getting inflation back to their target level (of 2%)?  Or does it mean returning prices back to trend, which would mean a period of deflation?
 
Regardless of the Fed's intent, their are some that think a swing back to the deflationary era is coming.  Among those that share the viewpoint: Elon Musk and Cathy Wood. 
 
The Fed has told us explicitly that they are doing whatever it takes to get inflation back down to their target of 2% (inflation is their goal, just much lower inflation)
 
With this next chart in mind, it seems implausible that deflation could return anytime soon. 

This increase in money supply, has raised the level of prices (no surprise to anyone, including those that executed the policies — both monetary and fiscal). 
 
What has to rise to maintain quality of life within this economic framework?  Wages.  It is the only solution. 
 
 

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September 9, 2022

As we discussed yesterday, the 12% decline in gas prices last month is a good clue for what to expect out of Tuesday's August inflation report.
 
The report should show a slowing in the inflation rate.
 
For another clue, let's take a look at what's happening in China, where the products are made that we will be buying in the many months ahead… 

This report on Chinese Producer Prices for the month of August came out over night. Notice on the far right of this chart, prices were screaming higher late last year (at 13.5% year-over-year rate). 
 
It was the hottest reading in 26 years.  Meanwhile, the Fed was still playing the inflation denial game.  This data was clearly telling us what was happening, and what was coming.  And we have seen it.
 
But this number has since been falling like a stone, for eleven consecutive months — now at just 2.3%. 
 
This rapid fall in price pressures in China aligns with the readings in the global PMI.  This index in the chart below is derived from surveys of private sector manufacturing and service executives from 40 countries. 
 
A reading above 50 is expansionary activity (improving).  A reading below 50 is contractionary (deteriorating).  It's well below 50.  

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September 8, 2022

Markets are beginning to position for Tuesday's release of the August inflation report.
 
It should come in weaker, which would be a positive catalyst for stocks. 
 
For reasons why this inflation report should be soft, let's revisit for Aug. 31 note …
 
"The gas price input has been a huge predictor of the month-over-month CPI number for much of the year.
 
We looked at this [analysis] in July, ahead of the June inflation data.  Gas prices had exploded 11% higher, and CPI came in scorching hot (+1.3% monthly change).  We saw the opposite in the July data.  Gas prices were down 7%.  Monthly change in CPI was flat – no change.
 
So, what did gas prices do in August? 
 
The Energy Information Administration (EIA) does a weekly survey of gas stations across the country.  Those survey results show a fall in gas prices of 12% in August."
 
So with a big drop in August gas prices, the inflation data should be soft.  In fact, as I said in this August note, "if it weren't for the clues on rising food prices (for the month), I'd say this August number could even be negative."
 
To be sure, these Tuesday numbers will be a huge driver in the Fed's decision on rates, which will come a week later (Sept. 21).  A soft August inflation number could give the Fed the cover to raise by 50 basis points, rather than 75.  That would be a positive surprise for markets (i.e. stocks higher).
 
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September 1, 2022

We get the August jobs report tomorrow.
 
What's the one thing the Fed has threatened, dating back to March?
 
Jobs.
 
They are explicitly attacking jobs.  
 
The Fed doesn't have the tools to deal with the policy and pandemic-driven supply disruption/destruction (which has driven prices higher).  So the Fed has targeted employment, as a tool to influence demand lower.
 
With that in mind, a weak number tomorrow would be considered a positive for markets (i.e. it would calm the rate hike hawks).
 
So what should we expect? 
 
The previous jobs report for July was hot (at 528k new jobs). 
 
Tomorrow, the market is expecting a lower number of about 300k new jobs added for August.  But that would still be a hot number, quite a bit higher than the average monthly job growth of the decade preceding the pandemic (which was 193k/mo.). 
 
For clues, we can look at the ADP jobs report which came in on Wednesday.
 
It was weak.  In fact, it showed the weakest job gains since the start of 2021, noting a "more conservative pace of hiring."
 
Again, a similar weak report from the BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics) tomorrow would be a positive for markets (bad news is good news).  
 
With the sharp bounce in stocks today, there seemed to be some positioning for this scenario.  
 
Let's take a look at the chart on stocks … 

For those that appreciate technical analysis, we talked in August about the technical resistance coinciding with two big Fed events (the minutes and Jackson Hole).  This big trendline that comes down from the January all-time highs was perfectly aligned with the 200-day moving average (the purple line).  Add in a catalyst (the Fed events), and that area held, and has led to a sharp 9.5% decline.  
 
Now we have an area of technical support (the 61.8% Fibonacci retracement), heading into another fundamental catalyst for markets:  the jobs report.
 
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